Nurbaiti, Lina and Taslim, Nurpudji Astuti and Bukhari, Agussalim and Hatta, Mochammad (2022) Serum concentration and mRNA expression of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-b1) in stunted and non- stunted toddlers. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 49 (-). pp. 208-216. ISSN 2405-4577
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Abstract
Background and aims: West Nusa Tenggara Province has the fifth-highest prevalence of stunting cases in Indonesia. So far, limited research is available to understand the likelihood of stunting in this region. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-b1), an immunoregulatory cytokine, may affect the stunting progression. Knowledge of messenger mRNA expression in the TGF-b1 gene in stunted toddlers could help to determine therapeutic targets to catch up on their growth. Objective: This study compared the expression of TGF- b1 mRNA and TGF-b1 concentrations in the stunted and the non-stunted toddlers. The nutritional status of all participants was also gathered and linked to the stunting issue. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 48 toddlers aged 12e36 months. The stunting case was defined as a Z-Score of less than 2 of length/height for age according to WHO. The serum TGF-b1 and TGF-b1 gene mRNA were measured using ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. The nutritional status data were collected through interviewer-administered structured questionnaire to the toddlers' parents and 48-h food recalls. Descriptive analyses were applied to determine the distribution of participants’ macronutrient and micronutrient levels. Methods The study populations were stunted and non-stunted toddlers aged 12e36 months in the Teruwai Community Health Centre, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. All of them lived with biological parents and had a complete history of basic immunization. The stunting status was defined as a ZScore < 2 of length/height according to the calculation by WHO. A total of 24 healthy toddlers in the stunted and the non-stunted group were selected. The required number of participants was determined statistically. The number of test participants for each group were minimized to reduce the costs. They were estimated using Cochran's method [11] by setting the confidence interval of 95% and a margin of error of 10%. The study participants were randomly selected from the total number of toddlers population of 1214, of which 75 suffered stunting resulting in the minimum required number of test participants of >23. Toddlers under the following conditions were excluded from the study: sick or had experienced sickness within the last three months, had congenital disabilities, a history of low body birth weight or premature birth, a history of labor by vacuum extraction or chunam, and had a history of asphyxia. The exclusion of those toddlers was done to exclude stunted toddler originated from infection, sickness, and/or congenital disorder Results Participant's anthropometric characteristics Table 1 compares anthropometric characteristics of the stunted and non-stunted toddlers. The physical indicators of stunted participants can be seen clearly from their weight and height. Despite having similar average age, all stunted toddlers had significantly lower weight (9.99 ± 0.74 vs 12.8 ± 2.5 kg) and lower height (81.1 ± 3.23 vs 88.5 ± 4.85 cm). The Z-scores of the stunted groups in terms of weight and height were 0.59 and 0.69 below the means, respectively. It means that the differences in weight and height between the stunted and the non-stunted groups were higher than 1.18 and 1.38 times the respective standard deviation. Moreover, the t-test results show that both the weight and the height of the stunted group were significantly lower than the whole participants with p-values of 0.0065 and 0.0035, respectively. Conclusions This study demonstrates a significant difference in mRNA expression of the TGF-b1 gene between the stunted and the nonstunted toddlers. The mRNA expression of the TGF-b1 gene in nonstunted toddlers was significantly higher than in stunted toddlers. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the serum TGF-b1 concentrations of stunted and non-stunted toddlers, where the serum TGF-b1 concentrations in the non-stunted toddlers were significantly higher than in the stunted toddlers. There was no clear relationship between the likelihood of stunting and the nutritional status. Nonetheless, the stunted toddlers had significantly lower energy and daily meal intake. This research can be a basis to develop early detection and stunting intervention modalities in individuals and the community via TGF-b1 and mRNA expression detections.
| Item Type: | Article |
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| Keywords (Kata Kunci): | Stunting TGF-b1 gene mRNA expression Serum TGF-b1 concentrations Nutritional status |
| Subjects: | R Medicine > R Medicine (General) |
| Divisions: | Fakultas Kedokteran |
| Depositing User: | Dr. dr. Lina Nurbaiti, M.Kes |
| Date Deposited: | 11 May 2023 04:37 |
| Last Modified: | 11 May 2023 04:37 |
| URI: | http://eprints.unram.ac.id/id/eprint/37762 |
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